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Separable prefixes (see Unit 4): the geвЂ“ appears between the prefix and the stem of the verb e.g., einkaufen (to shop) becomes eingekauft, aufgehen (to rise) becomes aufgegangen.Thus, verkaufen (to sell) вЂ“ verkauft (sold) and verstehen (to understand) вЂ“ verstanden (understood).

Inseparable prefixes (see Unit 4): no geвЂ“ is added.

There are exceptions to these rules for verbs with: Your dictionary may also have a section listing a large number of irregular verbs in all their forms. Irregular-verb participles are listed with their own entries in your dictionary, so you donвЂ™t necessarily need to memorize them. Thus, geschwommen is the participle of schwimmen, geworfen is that of werfen. The past participle of irregular (also called вЂњstrongвЂќ) verbs usually ends in вЂ“ en and also begins with ge. You will not find regular-verb participles listed separately in your dictionary, so you must be able to figure out the corresponding infinitive form on your own in order to look up the meaning. Thus, gesagt is the past participle of sagen, gewartet is that of warten. The participles of German regular (also called вЂњweakвЂќ) verbs are usually formed simply by adding geвЂ“ before the stem of the infinitive and ending with вЂ“ t or вЂ“ et. German past participles are generally more instantly recognizable than English participles thanks to most of them using a geвЂ“ prefix. The three main differences are: 1) German allows for two possible auxiliary verbs: haben or sein, 2) the word order is different, and 3) their meanings are usually not the same (as discussed below).

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In English, present perfect tense is formed with the auxiliary verb вЂњhaveвЂќ plus the past participle of the main verb, for example: вЂњHe has studied for a month.вЂќ German present perfect tense likewise relies on an auxiliary verb plus the main verbвЂ™s past particle.